Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or cross pollinated to increase yields. National plant germplasm system coordinated by usda contains more than 500,000 accessions accession can be population, line, cultivar, individual plant, clone, etc. Mass selection, as applied to crosspollinated crops is essentially the same as that applied to selfpollinated crops. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms backcrossed hybrids are sometimes described with acronym bc, for example, an f1 hybrid crossed. Dec 22, 2015 backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer. Backcrossing is the plant breeding method most widely used to incorporate. The earliest method of plant breeding based on an elementary knowledge of the laws of inheritance has been the selection of plants within landraces, based on the assumption that the progenies of the best individuals are expected to be superior to the progeny of a random sample of the population. Biotechnology applications for plant breeding and genetics.
This manipulation involves either controlled pollination. After the first backcross, and after every two subsequent backcrosses, f2 generations must be grown to identify rust resistant plants. Bc n backcross generation n blue best linear unbiased estimate. Feb 06, 2017 an overview of pedigree method being employed in the plant breeding. Seven chapters are allocated to accounts of the genetic properties of crosspollinated crops. An aa plant selected from this first backcross progeny would agaifl be crossed with z, giving the second. Back cross method and various modified methods backcross method in backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent generations are repeatedly backcrossed to one of the parents. Backcross breeding was first used in flax to develop a set of rust differentials by. These references and pdf files will be posted in blackboard. At maturity the crop is harvested in mass, and the seeds are used to.
Backcrossing has been used by plant breeders for decades to transfer specific character into elite lines. Dominant gene to transfer this is a breeding scheme to transfer a resistance gene governed by dominant gene in a susceptible variety having recessive gene which is otherwise high yielding i. The global partnership initiative for plant breeding capacity building gipbfao and biodiversity international use the term prebreeding to describe the various activities of plant breeding research that have to precede the stages involved in cultivar development, testing and release biodiversity international and gipbfao, 2008. All germplasm in npgs available free used by us and world scientists comprised by 4 major areas plant introduction plant collection information systems. This seems to violate mendels postulate of independent assortment of genes and can make it difficult to pick out a single trait from one parent without also bringing over others. Essentials of plant breeding breeding for quantitative. Raising backcross fls and crossing resistant plants with recurrent parent is. The f2 generation is sown at normal commercial planting rates in a large plot.
Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The bulkpopulation method of breeding differs from the pedigree method primarily in the handling of generations following hybridization. Backcross method in backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent generations are repeatedly backcrossed to one of the parents. Mass selection, as applied to cross pollinated crops is essentially the same as that applied to selfpollinated crops. Essentials of plant breeding was written as a textbook for a. Selection in backcross programmes is used to either improve.
The two types of experiment performed by mendel are. F 2 and subsequent generations are much larger than those of the back cross method. Genetics became a fundamental science of plant breeding after the moravian monk j. Simply the process of transferring pollen from one plant to another, in order to create a hybrid. The method is used generally to improve the yield and other characters of the variety. Plant breeding dates to the very beginnings of agriculture, though scientific plant breeding began only in the early 20th century. Mendel discovered the laws of heredity in the mid19th century. Transgenic breeding traditional breeding transgenic plants novel proteins may be introduced from. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging.
The aim of this method to produce the new variety which is totally different from the parents bearing superior characters. Ppt plant breeding methods powerpoint presentation. The present roadmap for plant breeding takes a look at usdas roles and achievements in plant breeding, and at recent stakeholder input, to map out ways in which usdas plant breeding work can contribute to ongoing success and future preparedness across all sectors of u. The theory and application of the backcross technique in cotton.
Plant breeding, or crop genetic improvement, is the production of new, improved. The objective of backcross method is to improve one or two specific defects. The objective of backcross method is to improve one or two specific defects of a high yielding variety. Pdf modified backcross breeding method for rapid conversion of.
Seven chapters are allocated to accounts of the genetic properties of cross pollinated crops. Conventional plant breeding has been going on for hundreds of years, and is still commonly used today. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with. People learned not to eat all the best fruit but to plant the seed from some of them. History of plant breeding the most rudimentary forms of plant breeding likely originated during the transition of.
In fact, traditional farming and lowinput systems, including organic. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that. Breeding method for cross pollinated crop authorstream. Ppt plant breeding methods powerpoint presentation free. Kodi archive and support file vintage software community software apk msdos cdrom software cdrom software library. Plant breeding can be defined as an art, a science, and technology of improving the genetic make up of plants in relation to their economic use for the man kind. Plant breeding is defined as identifying and selecting desirable traits in plants and combining these into one individual plant. Principles of plant breeding icar ecourse pdf book agrimoon. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. The variety which receives gene is recipient parent and variety which is the source of gene is called as donor parent. It typically takes more than ten years for a variety to proceed from the initial breeding stages through to commercial release. Full text of plant breeding principles and methods. Backcross method 18 back cross method and various modified.
In backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent. A system of breeding in which repeated backcrosses are made to transfer a specific character to a welladapted variety for which the variety is deficient is referred to as backcross breeding. F1 generation the result of the first crosspollination between two plants. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples.
When you have problems fixing a particular trait within a plant, you can cross it back with your original parent plant that had the desired trait. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or crosspollinated to increase yields. A chapter is then devoted to the backcross method of breeding. The selection cycle may be repeated one or more times to increase the frequency of favourable alleles. View backcross method from plant bree pbg 201 at university of agriculture. In this context, backcrossing is a well known and long established breeding scheme where a characteristic is introgressed from a donor parent into the genomic background of a recurrent parent hospital, 2005 25. In fact, traditional farming and lowinput systems, including organic agriculture, are a very heterogeneous population of target environments and not easily served by centralized, conventional plant breeding. Kidwell encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. Plant breeding david luckett and gerald halloran what is. Other articles where bulkpopulation method is discussed.
Plant breeding methods 1 plant breeding methods additional new reference george acquaah. Strategies for genetic transfer of an allele for resistance to. When f 1 individuals are crossed with one of the two parents either ccred flowered or ccwhite flowered from which they have been derived, then such a cross is called back cross. Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century. Since 1900, mendels laws of genetics provided the scientific basis for plant breeding. In many ways it is, to the plant breeder, the equivalent of line breeding to the. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect. Back cross method of breeding authorstream presentation. The backcross breeding method has been used by plant breeders for decades to incorporate specific traits into elite lines. Susceptible but high yielding resistant 50% 50% 75% 25 87. Early on, it primarily involved selection, the choice between good and bad plants. Several breeding methods are available to plant breeders for germplasm improvement, such as the pedigree method, bulk method, single seed descent, backcross method, and recurrent selection. Plant breeding and genetics encyclopedia of life support. The utilisation of molecular marker assisted backcross.
This seems to violate mendels postulate of independent assortment of genes and can make it difficult to pick out a single trait from one parent without also bringing. Software sites tucows software library shareware cdroms software capsules compilation cdrom images zx spectrum doom level cd. The north dakota breeding program primarily uses a modified pedigree program and, to a lesser degree, backcross, single seed descent, recurrent selection. If the trait of interest is produced by a dominant gene, this process involves four rounds of backcrossing within seven seasons. This method works by crossing the transgenic inbred line with an elite inbred line of choice. Genetic linkage is a phenomenon in which genes tend to be inherited together. F 1 hybrids, in this method, are crossed by one of the above mentioned methods. As a result, the genotype of the backcross progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of the recurrent parent. Learn more about the uses and methods of plant breeding. This, as might be expected in view of the senior authors major contributions using this method, is well described, examples being taken from much of his work. Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent. Learn about the comparison between pedigree method and backcross method. Back cross method and various modified methods backcross method in backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the.
Transfer of a dominant gene suppose that a high yielding variety and. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. The backcross method of breeding is commonly used in self and cross pollinated species. Pdf selection in backcross programmes researchgate. Backcross breeding method 410 hort 407 2 backcross breeding at the end, all genes will be homozygous except the genes transferred from the donor parent one or few generation of selfing will result in a variety homozygous at all loci, including newly transferred genes the new variety would have all the adaptability of the recurrent parent in addition to the good characteristics of the. An established breeding program with clear aims and reasonable resources will produce a new variety regularly, every couple of years or so. Further, some plant breeders have expressed the belief that it will not work with crosspollinated crops. Backcross breeding enables breeders to transfer a desired trait such as a transgene from one variety donor parent, dp into the favored genetic background of another recurrent parent, rp. Backcrossing is an old breeding method that is now widely used to transfer. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Messmer and others published plant breeding techniques find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. This method is useful in the improvement of both self and crosspollinated crops. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
Introduction to plant breeding plant breeding is the use of natural and artificial selection to produce heritable variations and novel combinations of alleles in plants and to identify plants with novel and useful properties. Importance of plant breeding, cytological principles of plant breeding, heterosis, inbreeding and its consequences or applications, selfincompatibility in plants, cytoplasmic male sterility, breeding. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. F 2 and subsequent generations are much larger than those of the backcross method 8. The new variety is subjected to extensive testing and yield trial before releasing as new variety. Modern plant breeding requires an understanding of genetics.
Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes. Backcrossing is a wellknown and long established breeding scheme where a characteristic is introgressed from a donor parent into the genomic background of. If the trait of interest is produced by a dominant gene, this process involves four rounds of. The method of breeding does not get modified whether the character is dominant or recessive gene controlled.